Evaluation of the Great Gatsby - 2361 Words

Karishma Nayak January 3, 2012 Ms. Giorgio AP English The Great Gatsby Winter Break Assignment Chapter 5 1) Gatsby’s actions in preparing for Daisy’s arrival seem both flamboyant and absurd. What does he do? Why? * Gatsby prepares for Daisy’s arrival by sending a man to mow Nick’s lawn, buys an innumerable amount of flowers, gets twelve lemon cakes and Gatsby himself arrives in a â€Å"white flannel suit, sliver shirt, and gold-colored tie.† Gatsby does all of this in order to impress Daisy, after not seeing her for five years; he wants to show her that he is able to offer Daisy more than ever before and more than her husband Tom every†¦show more content†¦Sloan and Tom altogether to Gatsby’s next party, and Gatsby said he would be delighted to have them come over. This scene reveals the contrast between Gatsby and Tom in that Gatsby is much more friendly and hospitable compared to Tom, who immediately becomes suspicious the moment Gatsby mentions he knows Daisy. 4) What is deeply ironic in Tom’s statement, â€Å"†¦I may be old-fashioned in my ideas, but women run around too much these days to suit me†? * The irony in this statement is, is that Tom within this statement, implies that he does not respect or like women who fool around with other men or flirt, when in fact he himself is having an affair as a married man, with another married women. Yet, Daisy, his own wife, has not yet to be shown fooling around with other men. Tom’s statement is hypocritical and poses as a double standard. 5) Note the reactions of Tom and Daisy at different times during Gatsby’s party. Did they used to enjoy themselves? Explain * Daisy did not truly enjoy the party unless she was alone with Gatsby or if she was being introduced to some of the celebrities. Otherwise she felt out of place and uncomf ortable with the crowd. Tom was preoccupied between what he thought was going on with Daisy and Gatsby, and he felt uncomfortable when Gatsby introduced Tom to others as â€Å"polo player.† 6) What suspicions does Tom have about Gatsby? What does he vow to do? * Tom is suspicious ofShow MoreRelatedThe Great Gatsby: A Critical evaluation of dialogue and narration1703 Words   |  7 PagesThroughout The Great Gatsby there are many different forms of narration and dialogue. Barbara Hochman takes these narrating voices into account in her essay, Disembodied voices and narrating bodies in The Great Gatsby. Throughout her writing she gives thorough explanations of each of the major characters dialogues and how they relate to one another, as well as focusing on one of the main characters and narrator of the novel, Nick. Dan Coleman also provides sufficient information on dealingRead MoreCompare Tom And Gatsby953 Words   |  4 Pagesrecreate the buzz of a university football mat ch, similar to Gatsby and his attempts to replicate his past with Daisy. Both men are, in their own ways, trying to duplicate past times with little success, suggesting that, contrary to Nick’s assessments of them, Tom and Gatsby are very much similar people for better or for worse. Due to Nick’s opposing characterizations of Tom and Gatsby in spite of their fundamental similarities, Nick evaluation of one’s â€Å"greatness† proves to be inaccurate and thereforeRead MoreAnalysis Of F. Scott Fitzgerald953 Words   |  4 Pagesculture in an unbiased manner and make insightful observations on its lack of moral decency, this led to This Side of Paradise being considered a masterpiece during that era. In The Great Gatsby, all the use of Fitzgerald’s writing style is applied but in the point of view of Nick Carraway, so language of evaluation is critical in establishing Nick’s thoughts, opinions and judgments on people, places and events. For example, Nick describes Tom Buchannan as â€Å"a sturdy straw-haired man of thirty withRead MoreThe Great Gatsby By F. Scott Fitzgerald1411 Words   |  6 Pagestruths immensely aids in understanding entire ideas. For this reason, the beloved novel, The Great Gatsby, written by F. Scott Fitzgerald, should be read and discussed thoroughly in order to correctly gain an understanding of the American Dream, moral controversies, and beneficial practices that have shaped the United States through the power of literature. One of the main themes found in The Great Gatsby concerns the American Dream, a fundamental topic that aids in the understanding of the UnitedRead MoreScott Fitzgeralds The Great Gatsby and John Steinbecks The Grapes of Wrath1720 Words   |  7 PagesScott Fitzgeralds The Great Gatsby and John Steinbecks The Grapes of Wrath In the novels The Great Gatsby by Scott Fitzgerald and The Grapes of Wrath by John Steinbeck, the authors present similar ideas, but use different methods to portray them. Similarities in themes can be made between the two texts; these include the pursuit of the American Dream and the use and misuse of wealth. Other themes are also central to each novel, the strength in unity and the influenceRead MoreThe Great Gatsby Analysis1423 Words   |  6 PagesF. Scott Fitzgeralds 1925 novel The Great Gatsby, allows readers to obtain an enhanced conceptualization of the 1920s novel with the dramatization of a well-structured novel. Consequently, humans have a desire to seek an authoritarian grasp on others. This was predominantly evident amongst everyone who lived around this time. Which results in various individuals partaking in acting as unspeakable through this timeframe. As an illustration, Gatsbys ambitions as the young, extravagant and his possessionRead MoreThe Great Gatsby by F. Scott Fitzgerald1649 Words   |  7 Pagesâ€Å"I was within and without. Simultaneously enchanted and repelled by the inexhaustible variety of life.† In The Great Gatsby, the narrator, Nick Carraway, reveals just about everything around him except for his own aspect on things. This passage was one of the few times that Nick actuall y gave his own opinion on the current matters that he had been swept up in, once he made the move from his hometown in Minnesota to the luxurious village of West Egg. The quote, although masterly woven into the story’sRead MoreRole Of Women In The Great Gatsby1002 Words   |  5 PagesThe Great Gatsby, by F Scott Fitzgerald, is a critically acclaimed novel set in 1920’s America. The Roaring Twenties was a transitional period for women. Apart from gaining institutional rights (suffrage), the era also represented new philosophies of sexual freedom and social rebellion for women, mirrored in Fitzgerald’s portrayal of the â€Å"flapper† women in the novel. Nonetheless, the emancipation of women was rife with setbacks. In the patriarchal societal construct, female characters in the novelRead MoreGatsby and Hamlet Essays2219 Words   |  9 PagesExamining Hamlet and The Great Gatsby 1/9/13 According to Roger Lewis, â€Å"The acquisition of money and love are both part of the same dream, the will to return to the quintessential unity that exists only at birth and at death† (41). In both William Shakespeares play, Hamlet, and F. Scott Fitzgerald’s novel, The Great Gatsby, the protagonists are willing to sacrifice all that they have in order to achieve their unrealistic objectives and ambitions, resulting in their tragic demises. While thereRead MoreEvents Of Instruction And Evaluating The Learners764 Words   |  4 PagesEvents of Instruction and Evaluating the Learners The evaluation process examines the program and process to define what s effectively working, or not working. This evaluation process defines value about learning and training program, so they can make improvements (Rossett, 2001). Events of Instruction Brown Green (2016) stated that students using the correct learning behavior skills in order to learn skills proficiently. Once students use the correct behaviors skills, they will be successful

Cost Accounting Project - 8023 Words

[Type the document title] [Type the document subtitle] [Type the abstract of the document here. The abstract is typically a short summary of the contents of the document. Type the abstract of the document here. The abstract is typically a short summary of the contents of the document.] compaq [Type the company name] [Pick the date] Contents Concept of Cost Accounting†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦03 Introduction†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦..03 Traditional costing v/s activity based costing†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦..04 Need for an Activity Based Costing†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦06 Stages in Activity Based Costing†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦....08 Cost Drivers†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦.09 Classification of†¦show more content†¦With the help of case studies of Siemens Electric Motor Works, John Deere Component Works, and Schrader Bellows, Cooper (1989) demonstrated that the ‘management objectives’ and ‘diversity of product mix’ determine the extent of the complexity in the design of activity-based cost management systems. The competitive environment in which the firm is operating, drives the need for activity-based costing. A well-designed integrated cost management system will help the management of the company to identify opportunities for continuous improvement and point out unused capacity or capacity constraints, if any, and will facilitate the introduction of activity-based budgeting in the organization. The activity-based budgeting mindset makes all cost variable and attempts to match resource supply with resource demand. Activity based costing Activity Based Costing (ABC) is a two-stage product costing method that assigns costs first to activities and then to the products based on each product s use of activities. , ABC systems first accumulate overhead costs for each organizational activity, and then assign the costs of the activities to the products, services, or customers (cost objects) causing that activity. Activity analysis is the processes of identifying appropriate output measures of activities and resources (cost drivers) and their effects on the costs of making a product or providing a service. In this way anShow MoreRelatedCost Accounting Project Essay752 Words   |  4 Pages Annual membership fees $710,000 x 1.1 x 1.03 $804,430 â€Æ'Lesson and class fees (468,000 à · 360,000) x $468,000) $608,400 â€Æ'Miscellaneous (4,000 à · 3,000) x $4,000) 5,333 613,733 â€Æ'â€Æ' Total cash received $1,418,163 Cash costs â€Æ'Manager’s salary and benefits ($72,000 x 1.15) $ 82,800 â€Æ'Regular employees’ wages and benefits ($380,000 x 1.15) 437,000 â€Æ'Lesson and class employee wages and benefits (given) 604,650 â€Æ'Supplies ($32,000 x 1.25) 40,000 â€Æ'Utilities (heatRead MoreIs Project Accounting Really That Important?1217 Words   |  5 PagesIs Project Accounting really that Important? Project accounting is a practice that is used by businesses and organizations of all sizes. 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Gutenberg’s Press and the Transition from Medieval to Modern Free Essays

string(132) " part the prints called the face, was easily broken off and smoothed before it was used for the printed page† \(Fontana 30\)\." There are many ideas and concepts that facilitated the transition from the Medieval Era to a more modern, Renaissance society, but it can be argued that Johann Gutenberg’s invention of the printing press was the most important factor to this change in Europe. The creation of the press was no easy task for Gutenberg; he was faced with many obstacles. However, once created, the press benefited people around the world for centuries and continues to be a fundamental part of our society today. We will write a custom essay sample on Gutenberg’s Press and the Transition from Medieval to Modern or any similar topic only for you Order Now Before the invention of the printing press, books were extremely expensive, limiting education to the very wealthy. Because only the upper class could afford to purchase books, education was a means of separating the aristocracy from the lower classes. It was nearly impossible for the less fortunate to move up in society since they could not educate themselves. The reason books were so pricey was due to the methods employed to create each page individually. For a scribe to copy an entire novel by hand would take much patience and many hours. A common method of producing copies was for one man to read the original word by word, and a group of scribes would write each word as the reader said them. â€Å"By this method,† describes John Fontana in his work Mankind’s Greatest Invention, â€Å"one manuscript served as the source of reproduction for many copies when the scribes finished writing the last of the reader’s orally presented words† (13). Not only was this time consuming, but the more copies that were made, the more errors were made. Eventually, a method of creating copies without such a high margin of error came about. People would hand carve blocks of wood with raised letters and cover the blocks with ink. Then they would place a sheet of paper on the block to make a copy. To make the process even more difficult, they had to carve the letters and words backwards so they would print correctly, and they had to make these letters look normal when reversed. Albert Kapr, in his book Johann Gutenberg: The Man and his Invention, describes how â€Å"a calligrapher had first to write out this text, which was traced as a mirror-image reversal on to a planed limewood plank and then cut out with a knife in such a way that the lettering was left as a raised surface† (21). This method is called xylography, and while it was an improvement in that it reduced mistakes, carving a block of wood for each page to be printed was even more time consuming than writing the words by hand, and books remained as expensive as ever. Johann Gensfleisch Gutenberg, a goldsmith from Mainz, Germany, wanted to change all this. His idea was to replace the wood blocks with separate letters made of metal. One would be able to move the letters around to make words and sentences, and then reuse them. â€Å"The key to this new method was not as is generally believed, the discovery of the value of movable type, for movable letters had been known and used for centuries,† explains Fontana. â€Å"It was the mechanism for making the types† (28). This type of printing press was, in fact, already being used in China, but the technology to create such a machine was yet to be discovered in Europe. In working to build this machine, Gutenberg was faced with obstacle after obstacle. Just when he would think he might have mastered it, he would encounter another problem to solve. â€Å"The invention of typography was not,† noted Theo DeVinne in his work The Invention of Printing, â€Å"the result of a happy thought or of a flash of inspiration. It was not born in a day . . . it was thought out and wrought out† (376). To begin with, he had two main concerns: finding a device that would keep the letters in place, and making a press that would print clearly. Gutenberg soon came up with a solution to the first of the two issues. He paid a carpenter for the use of his winepress, so as to have â€Å"a suitable bed for a page of metal letters to rest on,† and arranged the letters on one side of it (Fontana 22). He wanted to come up with a frame to hold the paper; then when one was ready to print, they could twist a screw to press the paper up against the letters. The letters were to be created by pouring melted metal into a mold. Then Gutenberg came across several more problems. The first was the question of how to make all of the letters exactly the same thickness so that when they were pressed against the paper, they would print evenly. Also, he needed a solution for putting narrow letters on narrow metal bases and wide letters on wide bases. Using the same base for all letters would not only be impractical in that it would waste space, it would also make the words look uneven, with different sized spaces between letters. Regardless of the width of the character, each metal piece had to be the same height so the lines would not be crooked. DeVinne made the point that â€Å"if the types of one character, as of the letter a, should be made the merest trifle larger or smaller than its fellows of the same font, all the types, when composed, will show the consequences of the defect† (52). Gutenberg came up with two brilliant ideas to solve the problems. In order to make all of the letters the same thickness, he made the mold the desired height and added extensions on the sides to catch any overflowing metal. That way he could make sure that they would not be too thick, and as long as he poured metal to the top, they would not be too thin. Once dried, â€Å"this extra piece at the bottom of the metal letters opposite to the part the prints called the face, was easily broken off and smoothed before it was used for the printed page† (Fontana 30). You read "Gutenberg’s Press and the Transition from Medieval to Modern" in category "Papers" As for making the letters different widths, he had to make an adjustable mold. He first experimented using wood, and once perfected, he made one out of metal. He came up with a mold that consisted of two L-shaped pieces that could fit together, and slide back and forth to make the enclosed area larger or smaller. Here Gutenberg encountered further setbacks. The lead he had been using to make the letters was too soft-it was printing unevenly after just a few pages had been printed. Gutenberg solved the problem of making the typeface hard enough to resist pressure by mixing the lead with parts of tin and a substance that acted like antimony,† hardening the metal and preventing expansion or shrinkage while the metal dried (Fontana 30). It also took a lot of searching to find ink that was the right consistency to leave a thin layer on paper. Should it be too thin, it would spread through the paper, and should it be too thick, it would clump and appear uneven. Upon fixing these problems, Gutenberg had come up with his first working printing press. With it, he printed copies of the first, second, and third editions of the Donatus. However, few people would purchase the pages because many considered his invention immoral, as they believed hand-written script to be a sacred art. Also, there were still problems with the press. The type face varied too much-the lines would go from thin to thick and back to thin again, and the ink did not stick to paper well. DeVinne tells us that â€Å"judged by modern standards, the types are ungraceful; the text letters are too dense and black, and the capitals are of rude form, obscure, and too small for the text† (421). The press itself took a lot of strength, especially when making multiple copies. All of these parts needed improvement, so Gutenberg got to work. He created more defined molds and stronger metal letters, which allowed for thinner printed lines. In hopes of eventually printing the Bible, Gutenberg worked to create letters that would, when placed together, resemble the handwriting of scribes. It was a difficult task, but he managed to finalize pages of beautiful lettering, each having two columns. The only problem was that only thirty-six lines would fit on a page, and Gutenberg wanted to fit forty-two lines. Otherwise, the amount of pages to print the Bible would be much greater and more costly. â€Å"If he had been only an ordinary dreamer about great inventions,† believes DeVinne, â€Å"he would have abandoned an enterprise so hedged in with mechanical and financial difficulties† (416). It was around this time that Gutenberg met John Fust, who offered to help finance his project if they could form a partnership. Gutenberg agreed as he was greatly in need of a means of paying for new equipment to make a forty-two-page press. DeVinne reports that these â€Å"small types were unique; they were never used, so far as we know for any other work† (406). This was most likely Gutenberg’s greatest mistake, because when Fust did not get a quick return on his money, he sued Gutenberg for almost all of his equipment, including the new printing press. This was a set back from which Gutenberg never recovered, and though his invention greatly benefited many, he died a poor man. The printing press made a dramatic impact on European culture in many ways. One important way that it affected society was to bring about a higher level of individualism than had been before experienced. As Marshall McLuhan noted in his book The Gutenberg Galaxy: The Making of Typographical Man, â€Å"the portability of the book, much like that of easel-painting, added much to the new cult of individualism† (206). Because there was no longer the need to be a part of a University or monastery in order to have access to books and education, people began spending more and more time on their own, teaching themselves, and therefore, becoming more and more independent. The distribution of a highly increased number of books due to the invention of the press also facilitated individualistic ideas by giving more people the opportunity to read, forcing them to interpret information themselves. In an oral culture, one is taught by the verbal explanations of others, allowing little opportunity for personal interpretation or for discovering oneself through thought and analysis of material, as is possible in a written culture. â€Å"To the oral man the literal is inclusive, contains all possible meanings and levels,† and through the introspection demanded by this increase in reading, individualism soared (McLuhan 111). With this increase in individualism came much higher levels of education and literacy. McLuhan, in discussing the advantages the press gave to learning, said â€Å"this very natural inclination towards accessibility and portability went hand in hand with greatly increased reading speeds which were possible with uniform and repeatable type† (207). Because the printing press used the same mold for multiple copies of the same letter, it was much less difficult to read than when it was necessary to accustom oneself with each scribe’s handwriting with which one was encountered. The significant decrease in the price of books that occurred in conjunction with the printing press paved the way for the education and rise of a new middle class. â€Å"The book became a source of productive energy for a new breed of merchants and entrepreneurs,† and where before these people had been held back from penetrating the higher levels of society, they could now afford to educate themselves (Kapr 20). This education led to a cycle that allowed the middle class to make more money, which allowed them to purchase even more books and further educate themselves. While this new class of people did not have the social status of the aristocracy, Wyndham Lewis stated that â€Å"birth or training, in this age that has been called that of bastards and adventurers, never mattered less† (qtd. in McLuhan 119). Another important change that the invention of the printing press brought about was the new concept of mass production. Before the press, nobody had thought of the idea of creating something that could produce multiple copies of anything, so multiple copies of pages were just the first of endless possibilities. â€Å"Just as print was the first mass-produced thing, so it was the first uniform and repeatable commodity,† and the realization that exact duplicates could be made of products other than books was one that has been acted on for centuries to bring us mass-production as we know it today (McLuhan 125). Clearly Gutenberg’s invention of the printing press with movable type was a turning point in history from medieval to modern times. While its creation took many practice runs and a lot of trial-and-error, Gutenberg’s incredible patience and determination paid off and helped to build the new culture of the Renaissance. The press was not just a means of copying the written page, but a vehicle for the concept of individualism, the rise of education and the new middle class, and an introduction to mass production. How to cite Gutenberg’s Press and the Transition from Medieval to Modern, Papers Gutenberg’s Press and the Transition from Medieval to Modern Free Essays string(132) " part the prints called the face, was easily broken off and smoothed before it was used for the printed page† \(Fontana 30\)\." There are many ideas and concepts that facilitated the transition from the Medieval Era to a more modern, Renaissance society, but it can be argued that Johann Gutenberg’s invention of the printing press was the most important factor to this change in Europe. The creation of the press was no easy task for Gutenberg; he was faced with many obstacles. However, once created, the press benefited people around the world for centuries and continues to be a fundamental part of our society today. We will write a custom essay sample on Gutenberg’s Press and the Transition from Medieval to Modern or any similar topic only for you Order Now Before the invention of the printing press, books were extremely expensive, limiting education to the very wealthy. Because only the upper class could afford to purchase books, education was a means of separating the aristocracy from the lower classes. It was nearly impossible for the less fortunate to move up in society since they could not educate themselves. The reason books were so pricey was due to the methods employed to create each page individually. For a scribe to copy an entire novel by hand would take much patience and many hours. A common method of producing copies was for one man to read the original word by word, and a group of scribes would write each word as the reader said them. â€Å"By this method,† describes John Fontana in his work Mankind’s Greatest Invention, â€Å"one manuscript served as the source of reproduction for many copies when the scribes finished writing the last of the reader’s orally presented words† (13). Not only was this time consuming, but the more copies that were made, the more errors were made. Eventually, a method of creating copies without such a high margin of error came about. People would hand carve blocks of wood with raised letters and cover the blocks with ink. Then they would place a sheet of paper on the block to make a copy. To make the process even more difficult, they had to carve the letters and words backwards so they would print correctly, and they had to make these letters look normal when reversed. Albert Kapr, in his book Johann Gutenberg: The Man and his Invention, describes how â€Å"a calligrapher had first to write out this text, which was traced as a mirror-image reversal on to a planed limewood plank and then cut out with a knife in such a way that the lettering was left as a raised surface† (21). This method is called xylography, and while it was an improvement in that it reduced mistakes, carving a block of wood for each page to be printed was even more time consuming than writing the words by hand, and books remained as expensive as ever. Johann Gensfleisch Gutenberg, a goldsmith from Mainz, Germany, wanted to change all this. His idea was to replace the wood blocks with separate letters made of metal. One would be able to move the letters around to make words and sentences, and then reuse them. â€Å"The key to this new method was not as is generally believed, the discovery of the value of movable type, for movable letters had been known and used for centuries,† explains Fontana. â€Å"It was the mechanism for making the types† (28). This type of printing press was, in fact, already being used in China, but the technology to create such a machine was yet to be discovered in Europe. In working to build this machine, Gutenberg was faced with obstacle after obstacle. Just when he would think he might have mastered it, he would encounter another problem to solve. â€Å"The invention of typography was not,† noted Theo DeVinne in his work The Invention of Printing, â€Å"the result of a happy thought or of a flash of inspiration. It was not born in a day . . . it was thought out and wrought out† (376). To begin with, he had two main concerns: finding a device that would keep the letters in place, and making a press that would print clearly. Gutenberg soon came up with a solution to the first of the two issues. He paid a carpenter for the use of his winepress, so as to have â€Å"a suitable bed for a page of metal letters to rest on,† and arranged the letters on one side of it (Fontana 22). He wanted to come up with a frame to hold the paper; then when one was ready to print, they could twist a screw to press the paper up against the letters. The letters were to be created by pouring melted metal into a mold. Then Gutenberg came across several more problems. The first was the question of how to make all of the letters exactly the same thickness so that when they were pressed against the paper, they would print evenly. Also, he needed a solution for putting narrow letters on narrow metal bases and wide letters on wide bases. Using the same base for all letters would not only be impractical in that it would waste space, it would also make the words look uneven, with different sized spaces between letters. Regardless of the width of the character, each metal piece had to be the same height so the lines would not be crooked. DeVinne made the point that â€Å"if the types of one character, as of the letter a, should be made the merest trifle larger or smaller than its fellows of the same font, all the types, when composed, will show the consequences of the defect† (52). Gutenberg came up with two brilliant ideas to solve the problems. In order to make all of the letters the same thickness, he made the mold the desired height and added extensions on the sides to catch any overflowing metal. That way he could make sure that they would not be too thick, and as long as he poured metal to the top, they would not be too thin. Once dried, â€Å"this extra piece at the bottom of the metal letters opposite to the part the prints called the face, was easily broken off and smoothed before it was used for the printed page† (Fontana 30). You read "Gutenberg’s Press and the Transition from Medieval to Modern" in category "Papers" As for making the letters different widths, he had to make an adjustable mold. He first experimented using wood, and once perfected, he made one out of metal. He came up with a mold that consisted of two L-shaped pieces that could fit together, and slide back and forth to make the enclosed area larger or smaller. Here Gutenberg encountered further setbacks. The lead he had been using to make the letters was too soft-it was printing unevenly after just a few pages had been printed. Gutenberg solved the problem of making the typeface hard enough to resist pressure by mixing the lead with parts of tin and a substance that acted like antimony,† hardening the metal and preventing expansion or shrinkage while the metal dried (Fontana 30). It also took a lot of searching to find ink that was the right consistency to leave a thin layer on paper. Should it be too thin, it would spread through the paper, and should it be too thick, it would clump and appear uneven. Upon fixing these problems, Gutenberg had come up with his first working printing press. With it, he printed copies of the first, second, and third editions of the Donatus. However, few people would purchase the pages because many considered his invention immoral, as they believed hand-written script to be a sacred art. Also, there were still problems with the press. The type face varied too much-the lines would go from thin to thick and back to thin again, and the ink did not stick to paper well. DeVinne tells us that â€Å"judged by modern standards, the types are ungraceful; the text letters are too dense and black, and the capitals are of rude form, obscure, and too small for the text† (421). The press itself took a lot of strength, especially when making multiple copies. All of these parts needed improvement, so Gutenberg got to work. He created more defined molds and stronger metal letters, which allowed for thinner printed lines. In hopes of eventually printing the Bible, Gutenberg worked to create letters that would, when placed together, resemble the handwriting of scribes. It was a difficult task, but he managed to finalize pages of beautiful lettering, each having two columns. The only problem was that only thirty-six lines would fit on a page, and Gutenberg wanted to fit forty-two lines. Otherwise, the amount of pages to print the Bible would be much greater and more costly. â€Å"If he had been only an ordinary dreamer about great inventions,† believes DeVinne, â€Å"he would have abandoned an enterprise so hedged in with mechanical and financial difficulties† (416). It was around this time that Gutenberg met John Fust, who offered to help finance his project if they could form a partnership. Gutenberg agreed as he was greatly in need of a means of paying for new equipment to make a forty-two-page press. DeVinne reports that these â€Å"small types were unique; they were never used, so far as we know for any other work† (406). This was most likely Gutenberg’s greatest mistake, because when Fust did not get a quick return on his money, he sued Gutenberg for almost all of his equipment, including the new printing press. This was a set back from which Gutenberg never recovered, and though his invention greatly benefited many, he died a poor man. The printing press made a dramatic impact on European culture in many ways. One important way that it affected society was to bring about a higher level of individualism than had been before experienced. As Marshall McLuhan noted in his book The Gutenberg Galaxy: The Making of Typographical Man, â€Å"the portability of the book, much like that of easel-painting, added much to the new cult of individualism† (206). Because there was no longer the need to be a part of a University or monastery in order to have access to books and education, people began spending more and more time on their own, teaching themselves, and therefore, becoming more and more independent. The distribution of a highly increased number of books due to the invention of the press also facilitated individualistic ideas by giving more people the opportunity to read, forcing them to interpret information themselves. In an oral culture, one is taught by the verbal explanations of others, allowing little opportunity for personal interpretation or for discovering oneself through thought and analysis of material, as is possible in a written culture. â€Å"To the oral man the literal is inclusive, contains all possible meanings and levels,† and through the introspection demanded by this increase in reading, individualism soared (McLuhan 111). With this increase in individualism came much higher levels of education and literacy. McLuhan, in discussing the advantages the press gave to learning, said â€Å"this very natural inclination towards accessibility and portability went hand in hand with greatly increased reading speeds which were possible with uniform and repeatable type† (207). Because the printing press used the same mold for multiple copies of the same letter, it was much less difficult to read than when it was necessary to accustom oneself with each scribe’s handwriting with which one was encountered. The significant decrease in the price of books that occurred in conjunction with the printing press paved the way for the education and rise of a new middle class. â€Å"The book became a source of productive energy for a new breed of merchants and entrepreneurs,† and where before these people had been held back from penetrating the higher levels of society, they could now afford to educate themselves (Kapr 20). This education led to a cycle that allowed the middle class to make more money, which allowed them to purchase even more books and further educate themselves. While this new class of people did not have the social status of the aristocracy, Wyndham Lewis stated that â€Å"birth or training, in this age that has been called that of bastards and adventurers, never mattered less† (qtd. in McLuhan 119). Another important change that the invention of the printing press brought about was the new concept of mass production. Before the press, nobody had thought of the idea of creating something that could produce multiple copies of anything, so multiple copies of pages were just the first of endless possibilities. â€Å"Just as print was the first mass-produced thing, so it was the first uniform and repeatable commodity,† and the realization that exact duplicates could be made of products other than books was one that has been acted on for centuries to bring us mass-production as we know it today (McLuhan 125). Clearly Gutenberg’s invention of the printing press with movable type was a turning point in history from medieval to modern times. While its creation took many practice runs and a lot of trial-and-error, Gutenberg’s incredible patience and determination paid off and helped to build the new culture of the Renaissance. The press was not just a means of copying the written page, but a vehicle for the concept of individualism, the rise of education and the new middle class, and an introduction to mass production. How to cite Gutenberg’s Press and the Transition from Medieval to Modern, Papers

Design Strategy Consistency Of Experience †Myassignmenthelp.Com

Question: Discuss About The Design Strategy Consistency Of Experience? Answer: Introduction: Strategic management of the hotel group includes the benchmarks, standards, rules, regulations, policies, etc. developed for the smooth working of the hotel group. These all should be followed in the activities of the hotel group and with the help of these benchmarks, set targets, goals could be achieved. In hotel group, strategic system is developed for achieving better results and for performing all the activities in adequate manner (Freeman, 2010). These philosophies, policies, measures, rules and regulations. While performing recruitment and selection processes, in the hotel group, HR manager should not leave any formality and mainly he/she should not hire any candidate for their personal benefits. While selecting any candidate, organizations benefit should be reviewed operations because for performing these selection and recruitment procedures, they are getting paid very well. Evaluation of Recruitment and Selection Procedure: These are the methods through which every organization including identifies its requirements and appoints the desired candidates to achieve certain targets in the market. Through this process, Employees and their hard work have helped the Hotel Group to achieve these heights. Recruitment and selection process should concentrate on selecting the appropriate candidates that is suitable for the job requirements (Kim, 2011). Job advertisement, promotion of the vacant seats in the hotel group should not be done to gain the more number of applicants, infect it should be done to gain the appropriate number of candidates for the suitability of the job position of customer service manager, this will make difficult for HR team to select an appropriate person in terms of organizational as well as from the job requirements (Donnelly, 2013). If management and administration has control over every activity of the organization then HR team needs to perform their duties in fair manner otherwise HR team could hire employees for their accounting. Future recommendation: The future plans of the international hotel group is to expansion their business into new region, as such possibly pacific island, New Zealand, and Indonesia/Malaysia. Primary expansion will be in New Zealand in the next 12 months. By adding the value services the hotel group is planning for conference facilities in hotel for small and medium conferences. Conclusion: HR manager and Senior management believes in selecting adequate and appropriate candidates which suits the jobs description as well as they should also suit the hotel group objectives also (Arlot Celisse ., 2010). HR manager should perform all the relevant activities to advertise regarding the vacancies in the hotel group, so that desired and adequate candidate could not get chance due to non-advertisement about the job. References: Arlot, S., Celisse, A. (2010). A survey of cross-validation procedures for model selection. Statistics surveys, vol. marketing. 40-79. Donnelly, J. (2013). Universal human rights in theory and practice. Cornell University Press. Freeman, R. E. (2010). Strategic management: A stakeholder approach. Cambridge University Press. Hitt, M. A., Ireland, R. D., Hoskisson, R. E. (2012). Strategic management cases: competitiveness and globalization. Cengage Learning. Ho, W., Xu, X., Dey, P. K. (2010). Multi-criteria decision making approaches for supplier evaluation and selection: A literature review. European Journal of operational research, vol. 202(1), pp. 16-24. Kenny, M. (2011). Gender and institutions of political recruitment: candidate selection in post-devolution Scotland. In Gender, Politics and Institutions. Palgrave Macmillan UK. pp. 21-41. Kim, S. (2011). Sociocultural analysis of the commodification of ethnic media and Asian consumers in Canada. International Journal of Communication, vol. 5. pp. 19. Kumari, N. (2012). A Study of the Recruitment and Selection process: SMC Global. Industrial Engineering Letters, vol. 2 (1), pp. 34-43. Lane, T. S., Armin, J., Gordon, J. S. (2015). Online management methods for web-based and mobile health studies: a review of the literature. Journal of medical Internet research, vol. 17 (7). Leslie, E., Magarey, A., Olds, T., Ratcliffe, J., Jones, M., Cobiac, L. (2015). Community-based obesity prevention in Australia: background, methods and recruitment outcomes for the evaluation of the effectiveness of OPAL (Obesity Prevention and Lifestyle. Adv Pediatr Res, vol. 2 (23). Lin, H. T. (2010). Personnel selection using analytic network business process and fuzzy data envelopment analysis approaches. Computers Industrial Engineering, vol. 59 (4), pp. 937-944. Liu, J. T., TSOU, M. W., Wang, P. (2010). Workforce composition and firm productivity: evidence from Taiwan. Economic Inquiry, vol. 48 (4), pp. 1032-1047.